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179 Psychology Thesis Topics for Bachelor & Master Degrees

179 psychology dissertation topics for a bachelor’s or master’s, sorted into 11 specialisms, plus what ethics review, UK GDPR and validated measures mean for each.

Author at empirio.ai – Marco Warzecha, Co-Founderby Marco WarzechaUpdated 13 October 2026Reading time 24 min

You are near the end of a psychology degree and have to settle on a dissertation topic. Psychology stretches from memory research to mental health to the workplace, and every specialism brings its own methods, its own participants and its own paperwork.

You find a psychology dissertation topic fastest by choosing the specialism your department examines you in, then narrowing it to one question that a validated measure can answer with participants you can reach, and finally checking whether your departmental research ethics committee or the NHS has to review it. By the end of this page you will have three to five topics to take to your supervisor.


📌 The key points at a glance

  • 179 psychology dissertation topics, sorted into 11 specialisms.
  • The specialism decides your method, your sample and your workload.
  • A departmental research ethics committee reviews most student projects.
  • NHS patients or NHS sites bring the Health Research Authority in.
  • A topic without reachable participants is not a topic.

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How to Find a Psychology Dissertation Topic in Four Steps

A psychology dissertation topic comes together in four steps: pick the specialism, sharpen the question, check the ethics route, then take it to supervision. The order matters, because each step narrows the next one and the ethics route is the step most students leave until it is too late.

A topic suggestion is a starting point, not a finished title. ‘Exam anxiety and coping’ turns into a dissertation only once the population, the measure and the comparison are fixed. How that narrowing works in general is set out in the guide on how to find a topic for your bachelor’s or master’s dissertation.

  1. Pick the specialism. Check which staff in your department supervise dissertations and which specialisms they publish in. A forensic topic does not help you if the department only staffs cognitive and occupational psychology. Staff pages usually list current projects, and a dissertation that attaches to one gets better supervision.
  2. Sharpen the question. Turn the topic into a question with two variables and a direction. Instead of ‘social media and self-esteem’, ask whether daily time on image-based apps is associated with self-esteem in sixth form students. Only that form can be tested, and only it shows which data you need.
  3. Check the ethics route. Work out whether your project stays inside your department or touches the NHS. Patients, people in custody, children and anyone recruited through a public service need a gatekeeper and a review, and both take weeks rather than days.
  4. Take it to supervision. Bring two or three ideas to your supervisor, not one. With several ideas the meeting becomes a choice; with one it becomes a yes or a no. Ask which methods the department expects and which ones it marks well.
Schematic diagram of the parts of a bachelor’s dissertation

From a psychology topic to a dissertation title

Between your topic and the title on the cover page sits one more step. A title names the population, the constructs and often the method, while a topic names only the subject matter. Keeping the two apart saves you a round of corrections later, because the title has to match the research question in your methods chapter.

One word about terminology, because the search results mix it up. In British usage the piece of work at the end of an undergraduate or taught master’s course is a dissertation, and thesis is normally kept for a doctorate. A list of psychology thesis topics and a list of psychology dissertation topics mean the same thing here.

Tip

Write your working title in one sentence, then cross out every word that is not a variable, a population or a method. What survives is the core of your dissertation. Wording help for that step sits in the article on formulating the title for bachelor’s and master’s theses.

179 Psychology Dissertation Topics: How the List Is Sorted

The 179 psychology dissertation topics on this page are sorted into eleven specialisms and then grouped by one practical question: who has to give you permission before anyone answers. That grouping is more useful in the United Kingdom than the usual split into core and applied areas, because the permission route decides your timetable.

Three groups follow: topics you can study with an online sample you recruit yourself, topics that need a school, a workplace or a service to let you in, and the smaller specialisms. Other subjects sit in the overview of dissertation topic suggestions.

SpecialismWhat it coversTopics
Cognitive and Biological PsychologyPerception, memory, attention and the brain17
Social PsychologyBehaviour in groups and towards others16
Individual Differences and PersonalityTraits, abilities and why people differ16
Health PsychologyHealth behaviour, illness and prevention16
Developmental PsychologyChange from infancy to later life16
Clinical and Mental Health PsychologyDistress, assessment and treatment17
Educational PsychologyLearning, teaching and school16
Occupational PsychologyWork, leadership, teams and selection16
Forensic PsychologyEvidence, offending, courts and prisons17
Sport and Exercise PsychologyPerformance, motivation and strain in sport16
Environmental and Conservation PsychologyBehaviour in places and towards the planet16

The suggestions are deliberately short. Each one names the subject matter and leaves open which population and which instrument you work with, because that depends on your supervisor and on the access you can arrange.

Note

A suggestion from a list is not a topic you submit unchecked. Ask in your department whether dissertations on the same question already exist, and look at the marked examples your library holds. A question three students have worked on in one research group is often turned down.

Psychology Dissertation Topics You Can Study with an Online Sample

Psychology topics in this first group share one property: you can recruit the participants yourself. Students, members of the public, club members and people reachable through social networks count as a general adult sample, and no third party has to grant you access. For a one-semester dissertation that is the difference between collecting data and waiting for a reply.

Recruiting yourself has a cost, and your discussion chapter has to name it. A sample of psychology undergraduates recruited through a course credit scheme is not the general population, and a sample gathered through your own social media is not either. Say so plainly, and the limitation reads as competence rather than as a weakness.

Cognitive and Biological Psychology: 17 topics

Cognitive and biological psychology asks how people take in information, store it and act on it, and what the body contributes to that. Experiments dominate, often with recall or reaction time as the outcome. Without access to a laboratory, many of these questions still work as an online experiment or as a diary study run over two weeks.

  • Sleep quality and memory consolidation in undergraduate students
  • Cognitive biases in everyday financial decisions
  • Smartphone notifications and the real cost of an interruption
  • Working memory capacity and performance under time pressure
  • Ageing and processing speed across the adult lifespan
  • Background music and reading comprehension
  • Bilingualism and cognitive flexibility in young adults
  • Hydration, breakfast and sustained attention
  • Physical activity and executive function in older adults
  • Mind wandering during online lectures
  • Eyewitness memory and the wording of a question
  • Morning and evening types in early examinations
  • Mindfulness practice and attentional control
  • Neuroplasticity after stroke: what rehabilitation evidence shows
  • Shift work, sleep loss and emotional regulation
  • Caffeine, alertness and self-reported concentration
  • Perceived cognitive performance across the menstrual cycle

Social Psychology: 16 topics

Social psychology looks at how the presence of other people changes behaviour. Classic designs use a vignette, a short manipulation or a questionnaire, and all three travel well to an online sample. The risk is competition: the famous effects have been tested thousands of times, so put a known effect in a setting nobody has used yet.

  • Group polarisation in online discussion threads
  • Stereotypes in shortlisting decisions
  • Social identity and support for a local football club
  • The bystander effect on crowded public transport
  • Conformity in small student project groups
  • Social media and the formation of political opinions
  • Intergroup contact and attitudes towards migration
  • Altruism and willingness to give to a charity appeal
  • Social exclusion and its effect on mood
  • Trust in public institutions and compliance with guidance
  • Attraction and partner choice on dating apps
  • Peer pressure and drinking among first-year students
  • Cross-cultural communication in multinational teams
  • Online anonymity and incivility in comment sections
  • Social norms messaging and household recycling
  • Reducing prejudice through contact in school settings

Individual Differences and Personality: 16 topics

Individual differences and personality cover traits, abilities and the question of why two people in the same situation behave differently. These topics are the friendliest to a one-semester timetable, because established scales exist for almost every construct and the design is usually a correlational survey rather than an experiment.

  • Personality traits and preferred revision strategies
  • Conscientiousness and attainment at university
  • Perfectionism and procrastination among dissertation students
  • Trait anxiety and performance in oral presentations
  • Resilience and coping styles in first-year students
  • Self-efficacy and persistence in online learning
  • Emotional intelligence and the quality of friendships
  • Sensation seeking and risk taking among young drivers
  • Introversion, extraversion and preference for remote working
  • Perseverance and the completion of long-term goals
  • Self-esteem and social comparison on image-based platforms
  • Attachment style and conflict in romantic relationships
  • Dark triad traits and behaviour at work
  • Beliefs about ability and reactions to critical feedback
  • Measuring wellbeing: what a short scale loses
  • Boredom proneness and habitual smartphone use

Health Psychology: 16 topics

Health psychology studies the behaviour that keeps people well or makes them ill, and how people live with a diagnosis. General population samples recruited online are acceptable for most of these questions. Anything that recruits through a health service belongs in the second group, because the permission route changes completely.

  • Health beliefs and uptake of seasonal vaccination
  • Stress management techniques and self-reported physical symptoms
  • Adherence to medication in long-term conditions
  • Social support and recovery after planned surgery
  • Smoking cessation: what makes a quit attempt last
  • Sleep hygiene and perceived general health
  • Self-efficacy and sustained physical activity
  • Nutrition labelling and purchase intentions
  • Loneliness and physical health in older adults
  • Illness perceptions in people living with a long-term condition
  • Mindfulness-based approaches and perceived stress
  • Barriers to asking for help with mental health
  • Body image and motivation to exercise among gym members
  • Health apps and lasting behaviour change
  • Unpaid caring responsibilities and carer wellbeing
  • Drinking norms and alcohol reduction campaigns on campus

Psychology Topics That Need Access to a School, Workplace or Service

Psychology topics in this second group all depend on somebody letting you in. A school, a company, a charity, a care home or an NHS service holds the participants, and a named person there decides whether your study happens. That person is the gatekeeper, and written permission from them is part of your ethics application, not an afterthought.

Start the access conversation before you commit to the topic. Three emails and a short phone call in week one will tell you more about feasibility than a fortnight of reading. If the answer is no, you still have your specialism and your research question, and the same question can usually be redirected to a sample you can reach.

Developmental Psychology: 16 topics

Developmental psychology follows change from infancy into later life. The sticking point is almost never the question, it is consent: a study with children needs the agreement of the school or nursery and of a parent or carer, and the child’s own assent as well. Plan six weeks for that, not six days.

  • Early attachment and the quality of later friendships
  • Screen time and language development in toddlers
  • Moral reasoning in primary school children
  • Sibling relationships and social skills
  • The move from primary to secondary school and pupil wellbeing
  • Parenting styles and children’s self-regulation
  • Play and problem solving in early years settings
  • Adolescent identity and social media use
  • Risk taking in adolescence and the presence of peers
  • Grandparents as carers and child development
  • A bilingual home and early vocabulary growth
  • Resilience in children who have experienced adversity
  • Timing of puberty and body satisfaction
  • Shared reading at home and reading development
  • Loneliness across the move to university
  • Retirement and identity in later life

Clinical and Mental Health Psychology: 17 topics

Clinical and mental health psychology covers distress, assessment and treatment. As an undergraduate or taught master’s student you do not diagnose and you do not treat, so the workable designs survey experience, attitudes, help seeking and the acceptability of a service. Anything involving NHS patients or NHS sites needs the review described further down this page.

  • Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety: what the evidence shows
  • Waiting times and engagement with talking therapies
  • Stigma and help seeking for depression in young men
  • Therapy delivered online: what clients accept and what they do not
  • Burnout among healthcare staff: prevalence and prevention
  • Perfectionism and disordered eating symptoms
  • Sleep problems as a predictor of low mood
  • Post-traumatic growth after a critical incident
  • Early intervention in psychosis: service user experiences
  • Chronic pain and low mood occurring together
  • Carers of people with dementia: strain and support needs
  • Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and relapse prevention
  • Session-by-session outcome measures in therapy
  • Loneliness and depressive symptoms in young adults
  • Behavioural activation delivered by non-specialists
  • Motivation and relapse in alcohol dependence
  • Screening questionnaires in general practice: strengths and limits

Educational Psychology: 16 topics

Educational psychology asks what helps pupils learn and what gets in the way. Schools are reachable for a student project if you approach them early, through a placement, a family contact or your university’s partnership office. The head teacher is the gatekeeper, and a one-page summary of your study is what gets a yes.

  • Motivation and attainment in secondary school mathematics
  • Retrieval practice and revision for A-levels
  • Teacher feedback and pupil self-belief
  • Classroom seating and on-task behaviour
  • Bullying in secondary schools: what interventions change
  • Homework and stress in the family
  • Support for special educational needs and classroom inclusion
  • Examination anxiety and preparation habits in sixth form
  • Parental involvement and reading attainment
  • Beliefs about ability: interventions in primary classrooms
  • Mobile phone policies and attention in lessons
  • Teaching assistants and pupil progress
  • Study skills and first-year attainment at university
  • Peer tutoring and confidence in science
  • Attendance, belonging and engagement with school
  • Essay or multiple choice: assessment format and pupil performance

Occupational Psychology: 16 topics

Occupational psychology studies work, leadership, teams and selection. Access runs through one employer, which is both the strength and the weakness of these topics: you get a real sample, and you get a sample of one organisation. Agree in writing what you may publish before you design the questionnaire.

  • Hybrid working and job satisfaction
  • Leadership style and team performance
  • Psychological safety in multidisciplinary teams
  • Structured interviews and perceptions of fairness in recruitment
  • Burnout and recovery in hospitality work
  • A four-day week and reported workload
  • Bullying at work: recognition and reporting
  • Job crafting and engagement among office workers
  • Shift work, sleep and safety in logistics
  • Induction and early intentions to leave
  • Autonomy, feedback and motivation in contact centres
  • Diversity initiatives and felt inclusion
  • Appraisals, goal setting and performance
  • Line manager support and disclosure of mental ill health
  • Remote induction and a sense of belonging to a team
  • Return to office requirements and employee attitudes

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Psychology Topics from the Smaller Specialisms

Forensic, sport and environmental psychology are smaller specialisms that are not staffed in every psychology department. That is exactly where the opportunity sits: these questions have been worked on less often, and your own route into the field often already exists, through a team you play in, a placement you have done or a community group you belong to.

Check who would supervise the work before you fall in love with the topic. If the specialism is not represented, a question can usually be bridged into one that is. Club loyalty becomes a social psychology question, climate anxiety becomes a clinical one, and a false confession becomes a question about memory and suggestibility.

Forensic Psychology: 17 topics

Forensic psychology covers evidence, offending, courts and prisons. Prison and probation settings are effectively closed to an undergraduate dissertation, so the workable version studies professionals, students or the public: mock juror designs, credibility judgements and attitudes to sentencing all run online with no gatekeeper at all.

  • Credibility judgements of witness statements
  • Interviewing vulnerable witnesses: what good practice changes
  • Risk assessment and the management of violent offending
  • Deception detection: which cues actually predict a lie
  • Prison regimes and the mental health of people in custody
  • Rehabilitation programmes and reoffending
  • Juror decision making and pre-trial publicity
  • Youth offending: pathways in and routes out
  • Online fraud: the behaviour patterns of offenders
  • Stalking and harassment: the experience of victims
  • Police interviewing and false confessions
  • Media coverage and public fear of crime
  • Probation supervision and compliance
  • Programmes for perpetrators of domestic abuse
  • Identification from video line-ups
  • Trauma exposure and burnout in police staff
  • Expert evidence and how a jury weighs it

Sport and Exercise Psychology: 16 topics

Sport and exercise psychology studies performance, motivation and strain. Access is often the easiest of any specialism, because you already have it through a club, a gym or a team you play in. Check first whether anyone in your department supervises sport topics, since many psychology departments do not staff the area.

  • Pre-performance routines in amateur athletes
  • Team cohesion and results in grassroots football
  • Imagery and confidence before competition
  • Coach behaviour and the motivation of young athletes
  • Injury and athletic identity in semi-professional sport
  • A home crowd and felt pressure
  • Self-talk and endurance performance
  • Dropping out of youth sport in adolescence
  • Exercise dependence in recreational runners
  • Mental health support in football academies
  • Goal setting and gym attendance
  • Mindfulness and competitive anxiety
  • Leaving elite sport: identity and transition
  • Parasport participation: barriers and motivation
  • Sleep and recovery in student athletes
  • Fitness trackers and motivation to exercise

Environmental and Conservation Psychology: 16 topics

Environmental and conservation psychology asks how places shape behaviour and what moves people to act on climate and nature. These questions suit survey and field designs, and British data is unusually good: local authorities, energy suppliers and national statistics publish material you can build a study around.

  • Access to green space and perceived wellbeing
  • Prompts, defaults and household recycling
  • Climate anxiety in young people
  • Active travel: what stops people cycling to work
  • Noise exposure and concentration at home
  • Energy feedback displays and electricity use
  • Attitudes to heat pumps and home retrofit
  • Connectedness to nature and pro-environmental behaviour
  • Flood risk perception in affected communities
  • Daylight, workplace design and reported fatigue
  • Public attitudes to onshore wind
  • Food choice and willingness to eat less meat
  • Coastal visits and mood
  • Low traffic neighbourhoods and resident attitudes
  • Second-hand buying and attitudes to fast fashion
  • Community energy projects and local identity

Ethics Approval, Data Protection and Measures in the UK

A psychology dissertation in the United Kingdom is workable once four things are settled: who reviews the ethics of the study, whether the NHS is involved, how the personal data is handled under UK GDPR, and which validated measure you use. All four belong in the proposal, not in the write-up, because each one can change the design.

Psychology is stricter here than most neighbouring subjects, and for a plain reason. The discipline works with standardised instruments whose properties are published, and it routinely collects information about mental health, which the law treats as a sensitive category. Sorting that out early spares you the argument in your viva about whether the data collection was permissible at all.

Your departmental research ethics committee and the BPS code

Ethics review for a student project in psychology normally sits with a departmental or school research ethics committee at your own university, which approves the study before recruitment starts. The professional framework behind that decision is the British Psychological Society’s Code of Human Research Ethics, published by the BPS and last updated in April 2021, alongside the BPS Code of Ethics and Conduct. Read the committee’s own form first, because it tells you which risks it wants addressed.

When the Health Research Authority becomes involved

The Health Research Authority, shortened to HRA, comes into play once your study involves NHS patients, NHS staff recruited as patients, NHS sites or NHS data. The HRA sets out which projects need HRA approval and which need review by an NHS Research Ethics Committee on its page on what approvals you need, and it publishes a decision tool for the earlier question of whether a project counts as research. Questionnaire and interview studies are on that list.

UK GDPR, the Data Protection Act 2018 and mental health data

Data protection in a British student study runs on the UK GDPR together with the Data Protection Act 2018, and the regulator is the Information Commissioner’s Office. Information about mental or physical health is special category data: the ICO lists health information among the types the UK GDPR singles out as more sensitive, which means you need an Article 9 condition on top of your lawful basis. Your university is the data controller, so its own guidance applies.

Research has its own route. Paragraph 4 of Schedule 1 to the Data Protection Act 2018, the research condition, is met where processing is necessary for scientific or historical research or statistical purposes, is carried out in accordance with the safeguards the UK GDPR sets for those purposes, and is in the public interest. What that means in practice for a questionnaire study is covered in the guide to data protection in surveys.

Caution

A study on strain or wellbeing collects information about mental health even without a single diagnostic question. Collect no names, no email addresses and no IP addresses, drop the combinations of age, course and year group that make one person identifiable, and clear the participant information sheet with your supervisor. None of this replaces legal advice or the answer of your own university.

Validated measures you can use in a British study

Validated questionnaires are something you neither have to develop yourself in psychology nor should develop in a dissertation. An established instrument comes with published reliability and validity figures, and that is what a marker looks at. The four personal wellbeing questions published by the Office for National Statistics in its personal wellbeing survey user guide are a harmonised standard used across British surveys, each answered on a scale from 0 to 10.

Licensing is the catch, and it works differently here than many students expect. The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale, for example, is distributed through Warwick Innovations in a 14-item and a 7-item version, and its non-commercial licences go to organisations such as universities rather than to individuals, so the request goes through your department. What the psychometric terms behind all this mean is explained in the article on objectivity, reliability and validity, and the construction of your own items is covered in the guide on how to create a questionnaire.

Participants, numbers and permissions

The sample, not the research question, is the bottleneck in almost every dissertation. Students, club members, employees of one organisation and the general public through online networks are reachable; children, patients, people in custody and busy professionals are not, however good the topic is. Which recruitment routes hold up in practice is shown in the guide on how to find survey participants.

Two further points decide your timetable. Fix the number of participants with your supervisor before you collect anything, because whether your sample supports a statement about a larger group is a question your marker will ask; the article on when an online survey is representative sets out the reasoning. Face-to-face work with children or vulnerable adults also tends to need a Disclosure and Barring Service check, which gov.uk explains is requested by an organisation rather than by you.

Whether your project counts as research, and who has to review it, is not your call to make. Ask the committee before you recruit.

Common Mistakes When Choosing a Psychology Dissertation Topic

The common mistakes in choosing a psychology dissertation topic are rarely about the topic itself. They sit in the gap between the topic and carrying it out. Four patterns turn up in supervision again and again, and all four can be cleared up in half an hour once you know them.

All four follow the same shape: a pattern, the consequence it produces and the fix for it. Working through them before you write a proposal is worth more than working through them afterwards, because three of the four cost time that a single semester does not have.

The psychology topic is too big for a dissertation

‘Social media and mental health’ is not a topic for an undergraduate dissertation, it is a research field. The consequence is a dissertation that stays on the surface everywhere and loses marks for lack of depth. The fix is a double narrowing, one concrete population and one single construct. The example then becomes the question of whether evening time on short video apps is associated with the sleep quality of first-year students.

The sample exists only on paper

Many proposals assume participants nobody has access to, for instance people with a diagnosed depression or children of nursery age. The consequence is a lost month, because the written agreement never arrives or the ethics review takes longer than planned. The fix is to hold the access in writing before you commit, with a named contact and a number. A verbal promise during a placement is not access.

The topic needs a qualification you do not hold

Making a diagnosis, running a clinical interview or evaluating a course of therapy requires registration you do not hold as a student. The consequence is a dissertation that has to be recut, often after it has been registered. The fix is a change of angle: instead of diagnosing anyone, you survey people on strain and coping with a validated screening measure, and you write into the dissertation that a screening is not a diagnosis.

The topic does not match the methods of the department

A qualitative topic in a department that works almost entirely quantitatively creates friction in supervision and a mark based on standards the work was never designed for. The consequence is a list of further demands on your methods chapter. The fix is one question in your first supervision meeting: which methods are expected here? Where the two approaches differ is explained in the article on qualitative and quantitative research.

Checklist before you register the dissertation

  • A member of staff in the specialism will supervise the work.
  • The research question names two variables and one population.
  • Every construct has a published measure behind it.
  • Access to the participants is confirmed in writing.
  • The number of participants is agreed with your supervisor.
  • The ethics route is settled with your department.
  • The study avoids special category data or has consent for it.

Conclusion

A good psychology topic is not the most original one. It is the one whose participants you already know about on the day you register the title. Pick the specialism and the route to your sample first, then the research question. That order buys you a noticeably more thorough dissertation in the same number of weeks, because the time for data collection does not disappear into organising it.

One more piece of advice for the week you choose. Write the title, the research question and the name of your measure on a single sheet of paper and take that sheet to supervision. A topic that survives on one sheet survives the dissertation; a topic that needs three sheets to explain is still a research field rather than a question.

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Frequently asked questions

A psychology dissertation can sit in cognitive and biological, social, individual differences, health, developmental, clinical, educational, occupational, forensic, sport and exercise or environmental psychology. Which of the eleven are open to you depends on the staff in your department, because you need a supervisor who publishes in that specialism and can mark the work.

A departmental or school research ethics committee at your own university normally approves a student psychology project, before any recruitment starts. The professional framework behind that decision is the British Psychological Society Code of Human Research Ethics, updated in April 2021. Your committee publishes its own form, and that form tells you which risks it expects you to address.

The Health Research Authority becomes relevant once a project involves NHS patients, NHS sites, NHS staff recruited as patients or NHS data. The HRA publishes which project types need HRA approval and which need review by an NHS Research Ethics Committee, and a decision tool for the earlier question of whether a project counts as research at all.

Start with instruments used in British research. The Office for National Statistics publishes four harmonised personal wellbeing questions that anyone can reuse, each answered from 0 to 10. Other scales are licensed: the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale is distributed through Warwick Innovations, and non-commercial licences go to universities rather than individuals, so the request goes through your department.

No. A clinical psychology dissertation can study attitudes, stigma, help seeking, the acceptability of a service or the experience of carers, all with members of the public or professionals. Access to patients means a gatekeeper, an honorary contract in some cases and the NHS review route, which rarely fits a single semester as an undergraduate project.

Yes. Information about mental or physical health is special category data under the UK GDPR, which the Information Commissioner’s Office lists among the more sensitive types. That means an Article 9 condition on top of a lawful basis, and your university acts as the data controller. Avoiding identifiers altogether is the simplest way to keep a student study manageable.

Survey and vignette designs work without any laboratory: personality and individual differences, attitudes in social psychology, health beliefs, mock juror studies in forensic psychology and motivation in sport. A diary study over two weeks also runs on a phone. Reaction time experiments are the main group that still benefits from controlled conditions.

Often yes, for face-to-face work with children or vulnerable adults, and the check is requested by an organisation rather than by you as an individual. The school, nursery or service arranges it, which adds weeks to your timetable. A study that recruits adults about their own childhood avoids the requirement completely.

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